Allergen immunotherapy (allergy shots & drops)
The only treatment that changes the disease itself rather than just masking symptoms. Here is how it works, who benefits, and what three to five years looks like.
What immunotherapy actually does
Immunotherapy gradually exposes your immune system to increasing amounts of the allergen you are allergic to. Over time, the immune system learns to tolerate it — less histamine, fewer symptoms, less medication needed. It is the closest thing to treating the cause.
Two ways to get it
| SCIT — subcutaneous (shots) | SLIT — sublingual (drops / tablets) | |
|---|---|---|
| How it is given | Injections under the skin, usually at the clinic | Tablet or drops held under the tongue at home |
| Schedule | Weekly build-up, then monthly maintenance | Daily, at home, after the first dose at the clinic |
| Best for | Many allergens; very effective, flexible dosing | Common pollens and dust mites; convenient, needle-free |
| Main downsides | Clinic visits, injection-site reactions | Cost in some regions; local mouth itching; limited allergen range |
Who benefits most?
- Symptoms are not controlled by avoidance and regular medication
- You want to reduce or stop daily medicines
- You have both allergic rhinitis and asthma (with careful specialist assessment)
- Your symptoms are caused by a clear allergen you cannot avoid — pollen, dust mites, pets
What to expect over 3–5 years
- Months 0–1: Build-upDoses increase under medical supervision so your body adapts safely.
- Months 1–6: Early effectsSymptoms and medication use begin to fall, usually within the first season.
- Years 1–3: ConsolidationImprovement continues and stabilises; most benefit appears in this window.
- Years 3–5: Long-term changeMany people keep significant improvement for years after stopping.
Safety first. Severe allergic reactions are rare but possible, which is why doses are given with trained staff, an emergency plan and observation afterwards. Tell your team about any new medicines, asthma flare-ups or pregnancy.
Is it worth it? Immunotherapy is the only disease-modifying treatment for allergic rhinitis, and its effect can persist for years after completion. Coverage and cost vary by country and allergen — an allergist can tell you what applies to you.